The government's emerging strategy in Florence is consistent with a European model for housing terrorist inmates, said Michael Page, a London political scientist who wrote a book on the subject in 1997. In Spain, for example, authorities for years have imprisoned violent Basque separatists on the Spanish-owned Canary Islands, off the coast of Morocco, Page said. "You isolate them," he said. "It's much more difficult for them to try and escape."
In Colorado, Supermax offers similar isolation for convicted terrorists, he said. He also described terrorist inmates as being different from others, and said terrorists see themselves as different, too.
"If you've got a political motivation, you tend to be quite a different prisoner from a normal, criminal prisoner," he said. "They tend to view themselves as superior to the criminal prisoner. They don't believe they are criminals. Terrorist inmates usually abstain from participating in prisons' black market economies for drugs, sex and protection, he said.
Supermax is the most secure prison in the country. "It was designed to minimize human contact and escape attempts." The terrorist inmates are said to be well-behaved, according to a prison worker.
"They are respectful toward staff," the worker said. "They don't show hostilities toward workers at the institution." When they speak to each other, however, the terrorist inmates speak in Arabic, which most correctional workers do not understand, he said.
Who else does their time at Supermax?
It is the national rogue's gallery of high-profile and hard-to-manage criminals. Kaczynski still is in prison there, as is Robert Hanssen, the FBI agent convicted of spying for Russia. Timothy McVeigh, the convicted Oklahoma City bomber, was there until his execution in 2001. Terry Nichols, his accomplice, is still a Supermax inmate. Among the more recent arrivals are federally protected mob witness and Arizona Ecstasy dealer Sammy "The Bull" Gravano and Richard Reid, the convicted would-be al-Qaeda "shoe bomber."
What's it like to do time at Supermax?
Varying levels of freedom are allowed at the prison, according to officials and attorneys. The most severe restrictions allow for only an hour outside each day. Many inmates spend as much as four to five hours outside their cells a day...But some convicted terrorist inmates have stopped going outside because of the required searches they must endure, said Kleinman, the attorney.
"I've been doing this 30-odd years," said Frederick Cohn, a lawyer who represents Mohamed Rashid Daoud al-Owhali, who also was convicted of crimes related to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. "They're the most restrictive conditions I've ever seen."
Special Administrative Measures, or SAMs, allow the government to closely monitor and even curtail outright the speech of inmates, if it is deemed sensitive to national security. They also prohibit attorneys from repeating things their clients have told them. SAMs frequently allow prison officials to listen in on prisoners' legal conversations, and to screen their legal mail - two types of inmate communication usually off-limits to prison officials.
The feds say that keeping terrorists in isolated facilities such as terrorist prisons will break them away from their organizations and increase the likelihood of cooperation. So they use it as a bargaining chip.
"It's certainly led to quite a lot of prisoners choosing to renounce their links with (Basque separatist groups in Spain) in exchange for getting close to home," he said. That is starting to happen in the United States...Defendants in terrorism cases are negotiating their way into other prisons before cooperating with investigators, [terrorist lawyer] Schmidt said. "That's a new part of the negotiations," Schmidt said. "All of the lawyers understand. They know the conditions that my client and others are in right now. "They are aware that if they don't work out a deal with the government, that is where they are going to end up."
An example close to home is James Ujaama:
James Ujaama, a Denver-born man accused last year of trying to develop an al-Qaeda camp in Oregon, signed a plea bargain with federal prosecutors in April. Ujaama has secured a promise that he can serve his sentence in Washington, near his family, said his lawyer in Seattle, Robert Mahler. That is an example of Supermax's power as a "bargaining chip," Schmidt said.
