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Cheney and Kadamus: When Should Hunting Accidents Be Prosecuted As Crimes?

Dick Cheney and Kevin Kadamus both understood that safe hunters never shoot until they can see and identify their targets. Cheney nonetheless shot his friend, Harry Whittington, who soon proclaimed that the shooting was accidental and, upon his discharge from the hospital, expressed his sorrow "for everything Vice President Cheney and his family have had to deal with." No criminal charges were filed against Cheney. Kadamus shot his 17 year old son, Jacob, who died. That shooting was clearly accidental, but Kadamus has been charged with manslaughter. Why?

The game warden who arrived in time to watch Jacob die in his father's arms insists that hunters do not shoot other hunters by accident.

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"There's three distinct actions that have to take place: You have to aim the firearm, take the safety off and you have to pull the trigger. None of those actions are ever accidental. The simplest way to avoid an accident is to identify your target. I've never seen a 17-year-old boy who looks anything like a turkey," he said.

The warden has probably never seen an 80 year old man who looks like a quail, either, but no prosecutor had the gumption to claim that Cheney's shooting of Whittington wasn't accidental.

Conflating the intentional act of shooting with the accidental act of shooting a person makes the decision to charge Kadamus a no-brainer, but the question is whether deliberate actions that lead to unintended consequences can or should be regarded as "accidental" rather than "criminal." That question isn't always easy to answer. Consider the driver who runs over a small child who darts into traffic. The driver started the car, put it in gear, and steered it down the road. None of those actions were accidental; by the warden's logic, striking the child shouldn't be regarded as an accident.

Cheney and Kadamus, of course, occupy a different position than our hypothetical driver, who was driving carefully but nonetheless was in an accident that was, as a practical matter, unavoidable. Cheney and Kadamus were both careless and arguably reckless. The manslaughter charge against Kadamus does not require proof of an intent to kill, and causing an accidental death or injury by conduct that is reckless (or at least extremely negligent) is generally punishable.

The fundamental question here isn't so much a legal question as a policy question. Assuming that Kadamus was arguably reckless when he shot his son, does it make sense to prosecute him? Is there a conceivable punishment that the state can inflict on Kadamus that is worse than the loss of his son?

A prosecutor might argue that charging Kadamus will deter other hunters from acting recklessly. That seems a stretch. What hunter will place the risk of going to prison above the risk of killing a child? A hunter who isn't deterred from reckless behavior by the knowledge that his actions might kill another member of the hunting party isn't likely to be deterred by the threat of a criminal prosecution.

Kadamus will spend the rest of his life regretting the few seconds of carelessness that caused his son's death. As a matter of policy, piling a criminal punishment on top of the grief Kadamus already feels is a heartless decision. It's particularly mean-spirited to prosecute someone like Kadamus when someone like Cheney gets a pass for conduct that may have been much more egregious (the decision to start drinking after the shooting but before talking to the police raises a suspicion that Cheney, fearing his blood would be tested, wanted to negate the significance of the test result), even if the ultimate outcome was less tragic.

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    When is any accidental death prosecutable? (5.00 / 1) (#5)
    by sarcastic unnamed one on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 02:23:23 PM EST
    High school pal of mine was prosecuted and convicted in the auto death of his passenger, another HS pal of ours. As if that was needed after one of his best friends died in his arms.

    I'm guessing.... (none / 0) (#12)
    by kdog on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 03:15:50 PM EST
    when there is criminal negligence involved that leads to the accident, but maybe one of the lawyers will chime in.

    Even in that case, unless the negligence is something seriously severe, you would hope a little compassion and common sense would factor into the decision whether to charge, and the wishes of the victims family.  I can't imagine the parents of your pal that died would want his buddy charged, or this poor kids mother would want the boys father charged.  

    Parent

    In an accident there's always someone (none / 0) (#13)
    by sarcastic unnamed one on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 03:27:55 PM EST
    who made a mistake. As you point out, the rub is in deciding if the mistake is deserving of prosecution.

    fwiw, my friend's primary mistake was his BAC. And, knowing him, his secondary mistake was his THC...

    Parent

    This one was, and for a minor (none / 0) (#1)
    by Inspector Gadget on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 12:20:48 PM EST
    PNW recent case where a 14 year old boy was found guilty of 2nd degree manslaughter.

    Note to out of area people: The "Concrete boy" lives in a city named Concrete, he is not made of cement.


    They both should be charged (none / 0) (#2)
    by oculus on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 12:50:35 PM EST
    Although a warden is not a prosecutor.

    A game warden is just a cop (none / 0) (#7)
    by scribe on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 02:41:09 PM EST
    and does the same function, only in enforcing the fish and game laws (jurisdiction varies by state).

    So, while the warden was right to bring a charge, I am dubious of the propriety of prosecuting.  It may be that, by operation of law or policy, he had to bring a charge to support the investigation and then things just went from there.

    Also, one needs to remember that turkey hunting is usually done with the hunters wearing camouflage and, given it's spring, calling to get a tom turkey to come to the hunter.  The likelihood of success is (directly) proportional to the skill of the hunter in camouflaging himself and making calls that sound like a turkey.  Some even go to the lengths (if allowed by stat law) of using decoys.  If you have any questions about that, go to the catalog of some place like Cabelas or one of the other big outdoor places and look at all the stuff they sell for turkey hunters to hide in and assist in the hunt.

    So, dad likely easily could have made a bad mistake.

    I can say, from my own experience, I once shot a decoy by mistake - and because of the angle of the shot almost got the hunter hiding camouflaged nearby.  I didn't know him and surely didn't know he was there.  Thankfully, all I had to do was buy the guy a new decoy - the shot rattling around in the old one was too unpleasant a reminder to either of us.  

    Deadeye, whose prowess in shooting Harry Whittington was exemplified by the fact that he came within inches of blowing Harry's head off (click through to the .pdf to read my mathematical analysis of why)but didn't and was exceeded only by Harry feeling compelled to apologize for getting in the way of the would-be-dictator's shot, is an entirely different matter.  

    TL examined Texas law on the subject here.

    The comparison falls apart, somewhat, in that Deadeye Dick was popping at flying quail in wide-open country, and the turkey hunter was likely taking deliberate aim at a relatively stationary target but likely in very close cover.  

    It's a defensible case for the turkey hunter because he clearly could have mistaken either the camouflaged hunter or a decoy for a valid target.

    I feel horrible for him.

    Parent

    I can feel sorry for him (none / 0) (#3)
    by jbindc on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 12:56:45 PM EST
    But, what about the guy who robs a bank and someone accidentally dies?  Should we say, "Well, he was just trying to feed his family, so he shouldn't be punished? He'll have to live with this, so that should be punishment enough."

    Totally (5.00 / 1) (#10)
    by eric on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 03:03:01 PM EST
    different situation.  The difference is culpability.  Hunting with one's kid is legal.  Robbing banks is not.  Hunting is generally safe.  Robbing a bank always carries the risk that somebody will be hurt or killed because inevitably, people will protect money with guns.


    Parent
    Then, if not manslaughter (none / 0) (#14)
    by jbindc on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 04:00:46 PM EST
    Would you be comfortable with charging him under
    § 4009 of the Vermont Criminal Code, since it does not require an intent?  (Although I don't know if he could be charged since the kid died and was not just wounded)

    § 4009 Negligent use of gun

    A person who carelessly or negligently wounds another person by gunshot shall be imprisoned not more than five years or fined not more than $1,000.00, or both. (Amended 1971, No. 199 (Adj. Sess.), § 15.)

    This is a case where the jury gets to decide, and they may very well acquit, but to say we should selectively decide who to prosecute based on who we feel sorry for is silly.

    Do I think this man should be punished?  I don't know based on only reading the story blip, but as you point out, we don't know what the state knows.

    Parent

    The million dollar point.... (none / 0) (#4)
    by kdog on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 01:27:11 PM EST
    Is there a conceivable punishment that the state can inflict on Kadamus that is worse than the loss of his son?

    Seriously.  Is it the justice system or the senseless misery system?  The poor guy was a lifetime burden of guilt and pain that is worse than anything the state can dish out.  Do prosecutors get so lost in the law books that common sense gets thrown out the window?

    The game warden sounds like a real gun nut winner...hunters don't f*ck up?  Ok guy.

    Many (none / 0) (#9)
    by eric on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 02:55:11 PM EST
    prosecutors are not "lost in the law books", they are just bloodthirsty, ruthless crusaders.

    Parent
    "As a matter of policy, (none / 0) (#6)
    by desertswine on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 02:32:43 PM EST
    piling a criminal punishment on top of the grief Kadamus already feels is a heartless decision."

    Indeed it is.

    But Cheney should be charged with something... how about War Crimes.

    Jeez. See if you can read this w/o crying: (none / 0) (#15)
    by sarcastic unnamed one on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 04:05:43 PM EST
    offhand two things stand out (none / 0) (#16)
    by Jen M on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 05:00:45 PM EST
    A 17 year old kid who was killed might trigger prosecution faster than a senior who survived and doesn't want to press charges.

    I hate defending Cheney even the slightest. :p

    I thought he should have been prosecuted for being dangerously careless.  But the outcomes were very different.

    What is a crime? (none / 0) (#17)
    by JLFuller on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 08:13:13 PM EST
    To prove a crime there must be intent and a victim. It is simple Criminal Justice 101. Trying to make it not so is silly. As I recall, Cheney was shooting into the late afternoon sun so there was an environmental element to the accident. The victim circled around out of sight in the tall underbrush and into the path of Cheney's shot. Cheney didn't know he was there and could not have known unless someone advised him. Cheney followed all the rules but Whittington didn't. Both of theseincidents are unfortunate and highly regrettable, especially the death of the seventeen year old boy.

     

    A crime (5.00 / 1) (#18)
    by TChris on Tue Jun 23, 2009 at 10:07:24 PM EST
    is whatever the law defines as a crime.  If Criminal Justice 101 told you that all crimes require proof of intent, you should take Criminal Justice 102 for a deeper understanding of criminal law.  Strict liability crimes require no evil intent.  A prime example is having sex with a 16 year old who claims to be 24.  The intent is to engage in a legal, consensual sex act with an adult, but the crime (generically described as statutory rape) usually requires no proof of intent to have sex with a minor or proof of knowledge of the minor's real age.

    Without getting into the distinctions between specific and general intent, many statutes describe a state of mind that falls short of an intent to harm: negligence or recklessness, for example.  That's one reason the distinction between an accident and a crime is often illusory.  Some accidents are punishable as crimes if they resulted from reckless conduct.  Some are punishable if they resulted from a high degree of negligence (as distinguished from the ordinary carelessness that plagues us all).  And, although less common, some statutes punish harms that result from ordinary negligence.

    Ultimately, "what is a crime" is a matter of how state or federal law defines the elements that the government must prove.  Whether specific conduct constitutes a crime depends on whether the jury is satisfied that the government proved those elements beyond a reasonable doubt -- and since the distinction between recklessness and extreme negligence and ordinary negligence is often a question of perception, how the jury will answer that question is usually anyone's guess.

    Parent

    Isn't it a little late (none / 0) (#20)
    by JamesTX on Wed Jun 24, 2009 at 11:43:04 AM EST
    to be worrying about whether our current patterns of prosecutorial discretion result in justice after we have given them so much discretion? The time to have stopped this would have been before passing all the laws which serve to increase prosecutorial discretion, increase the incidence of interpretation of virtually any act as meeting mens rea, and making the decision a perfectly arbitrary choice of the authority.

    The pattern is perfectly predictable. It was just as predictable in the eighties when the American public was screaming about "untying the hands of the law" and making it all a reality. They got what they asked for. Here we are.

    What did we expect? When police officers look at less than wealthy young people having fun, or poor people doing anything, they see criminal intent or at least criminal negligence. The same act by wealthy people, business or government leaders, or police officers themselves, is seen as unavoidable accident (provided the privileged person is an authoritarian and shows no sign of criticism of authority or power -- that is, "bad character").

    Yes, we have no bananas. The question is whether we are going to recognize this monumental error and do something about it, or if we are stuck with the hasty and senseless policies of the corporate funded conservative movement. I suspect the latter.