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Defining Sexual Harassment: Is It Really That Hard?

Eugene Volokh discusses a Univ. of Iowa definition of sexual harassment, and, it seems to me, unecessarily complicates what seems very straight forward to me. Volokh writes:

From Iowa's sexual harassment policy, which covers student-student interactions and not just employment:
Sexual harassment occurs when somebody says or does something sexually related that you don’t want them to say or do, regardless of who it is. . . .

This seems simple enough. And it makes sense. Don't invade someone's space with sex talk unless such talk is welcome. What is hard about that? Plenty apparently, according to Volokh. I'll explain on the flip.

Volokh quoting the Iowa policy:

For example:
  • Talking about their sexual experiences.
  • Asking you to talk about yours.
  • Telling sexual jokes, innuendoes, and stories, or comments (about your clothes or body, or someone else’s)....

Still not seeing Volokh's point. Saying such things to someone who does not welcome such talk seems harassing to me. More from the Iowa policy:

Sexual Harassers

Sexual harassers can include (but aren’t limited to) professors, teaching assistants, research assistants, supervisors, co-workers, classmates, other students, acquaintances, friends, partners, dates, and strangers....

What makes someone a sexual harasser isn’t based on what they do for a living, their status as a high profile person, or where they hang out. What makes someone a sexual harasser is behavior, (including words and actions) that uses sex to be disrespectful, hurtful, embarrassing, humiliating, intimidating or frightening to you or another person....

Still don't see what is wrong or confusing in this. Here is Volokh's complaint:

It's not clear whether the last quoted sentence modifies the definition that I quote at the outset, but even if it does, consider how strikingly broad this rule is, both from its text and from the examples given: Examples Red Flags / Harassing Behavior ...
  • Somebody puts up sexually graphic posters, magazines, screensavers, web pages, and/or emails where you can see them....

I see Volokh's point here. This is not well written. However I think what is intended is pretty clear - do not impose sex talk on people who do not want it, using these mediums. This does not mean you have to have a non-sex talk web page but rather, I think, you should not use sex talk in a public forum, such as a web space intended for university use. This is not about My Space.

This leads Volokh to a misunderstanding imo:

So (as is usual) sexual harassment is not defined to include solely behavior targeted at the complainant.

Not correct. It is expressly limited to behavior targetted at complainants, to wit, people who do not want the sex talk in the university space. In private or in interactions with consenting others, do what you feel. But when someone does not want it, STOP. How hard is that? Apparently too hard in Volokh's world.

Then Volokh cheats a bit:

Nor is it limited to behavior in class or in university workplaces (where of course the professor and the supervisors may rightly constrain speech).

Of course it isn't. It also regulates student to student behavior which means it must necessarily include studet dorms and student public spaces. This is disingenuous of Volokh. Consider this:

Rather, it deliberately covers any place and context in the university. If someone puts up a sexually themed cartoon on his dorm room door (either "sexually graphic" or presumably including "sexual joke[s]," from the first quote), that's a "red flag[] / harassing behavior."

I think this is too simple to make me not suspect the Professor of deliberate obtuseness. Clearly the university is well within its rights to make sure sexual talk is not imposed on unwilling students in university housing. As a matter of policy, my view is inside your dorm room, I think you should be allowed to express yourself, but I could see why a university would not want to take the chance. But it is not clear what this policy says on that point.

Volokh's next example is even weaker:

Likewise, when someone tells a sexual joke in a cafeteria to his friends at your table (even if the last sentence of the first quote is part of the definition, assume the sexual joke is disrespectful to its subject, say Britney Spears), and you hear it but you don't want to hear it, that's sexual harassment, and apparently a university disciplinary matter. Likewise if he talks about his sexual experiences in a way that's embarrassing to some other person, and you overhear (again, assume you're sitting at the table with the people he's talking to). And this at a university, where 18-to-21-year-olds live, socialize, and have sex with each other. Oy.

Oy is right. What kind of rude offensive boorishness does Volokh want to countenance here? Is he saying a rule that says don't tell dirty jokes or dirty stories in PUBLIC SPACES in a university is too much to ask? For crissakes, go somewhere with a little privacy to brag about your conquests or tell your stupid dirty jokes.

This is the great threat to speech in Volokh's mind? My gawd. It takes quite a juvenile mindset to worry about this kind of stuff. You gotta wonder about Volokh sometimes. Reading the thread is rather depressing too. Are those men really that obtuse?

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  • Display: Sort:
    but in a university setting? (5.00 / 1) (#4)
    by Sumner on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 07:51:34 PM EST
    miscommunication between people? missed signals? social awkwardness? I would tend to blame abstinence only inculcation.

    Seriously (none / 0) (#5)
    by scarshapedstar on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 09:04:52 PM EST
    The poster boy for Volokh's fear appears to be Tucker Max but if you are that inept at flirting you're probably more like Tucker Carlson.

    Parent
    A possible source of confusion (5.00 / 1) (#14)
    by roy on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 11:02:17 PM EST
    I think we've been discussing a UoI web page that inaccurately talks about the policy, not the official policy itself, which can be found here and is not nearly so broad:

    (1) Definition of sexual harassment. For purposes of this policy, "sexual harassment" means persistent, repetitive, or egregious conduct directed at a specific individual or group of individuals that a reasonable person would interpret, in the full context in which the conduct occurs, as harassment of a sexual nature, when:

          (a) Submission to such conduct is made or threatened to be made explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of employment, education, on-campus living environment, or participation in a University activity;

          (b) Submission to or rejection of such conduct is used or threatened to be used as a basis for a decision affecting employment, education, on-campus living environment, or participation in a University activity; or,

          (c) Such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with work or educational performance, or of creating an intimidating or hostile environment for employment, education, on-campus living, or participation in a University activity.

    Seems pretty reasonable.

    sublimation helps (none / 0) (#1)
    by Sumner on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 07:33:30 PM EST
    The netroots' Yearly Kos convention attracted 2300 people, online. That was over presidential candidates. The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show draws some million-and-a-half Internet viewers. Victoria's Secret is a $5 billion annual business.

    When CBS carried the angel ahow on television, many people complained about it, that there too much "sex on television", in the special. Yet a close examination frame-by-frame of the special, reveals no sexual physical contact between persons at all. (But there may not need be physical contact between persons necessary for sex to occur):

    Consider how Disney's new series "Pushing Daisies", according to "series creator and exec producer Bryan Fuller,  mentioned that auds would see ... a much more provocative suggestion for an 8 p.m. show" [...] [including treating] '"Mutual masturbation," Fuller said. "It's very now. We're trying to bring masturbation back."'

    No doubt there will be complaints there also.

    Yet people can change the channel on television.

    On a more 1-to-1 level, not respecting other people's comfort zones is generally regarded as boorish behavior.

    Glad someone ventured a (none / 0) (#2)
    by oculus on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 07:36:16 PM EST
    in an area so fraught with peril from a risk mgt. standpoint.  

    I really do not get it (none / 0) (#3)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 07:41:10 PM EST
    Are these men really acting like they do not know when such behavior is not welcome?

    I find that hard to believe.

    Parent

    That's The Point (5.00 / 1) (#6)
    by squeaky on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 09:07:04 PM EST
    It is an act of dominance.

    Parent
    Why sex? (none / 0) (#7)
    by Al on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 09:45:44 PM EST
    I don't understand why boorish behavior is only outlawed when it refers to sex. For instance, on my campus on several occasions we have been treated to a disgusting spectacle of photographs of aborted fetuses by an anti-abortion group in a very public space. Why is this not considered harassment?

    Because, imo (none / 0) (#12)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 10:30:36 PM EST
    the issue of sexual harassment, gender discrimination, etc. are much more serious than your discomfort with political speech.

    Parent
    Acts of dominance (none / 0) (#16)
    by scarshapedstar on Sat Aug 11, 2007 at 11:18:51 AM EST
    I've always thought that the purpose of the bloody fetus billboards wasn't to "educate" the masses that surgical procedures aren't pretty, but rather, as an attempt to personally shame and intimidate women who've had abortions, whom they obviously know to exist on college campuses.

    It's about as legitimate "political speech" as when they painted Stars of David on Jewish storefronts in Germany.

    Parent

    the reasonable man (none / 0) (#8)
    by diogenes on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 09:52:21 PM EST
    All of this would be solved if these policies used a "reasonable person" standard, which means that it is not sexual harassment if someone is personally offended by overhearing a dirty joke unless the joke is so patently offensive that most people would be offended by it if they overheard it.


    Dio (none / 0) (#10)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 10:26:27 PM EST
    I do believe this is the first time you and I have agreed in quite a long time.

    Parent
    Free speech good, government supression bad (none / 0) (#9)
    by roy on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 10:08:12 PM EST
    BTD,

    1. It seems petty to claim that Volokh seeks to "countenance" anything just by arguing that the government shouldn't be able to supress it.  Does the ACLU countenance white supremacist speech when it argues that supremacists should be allowed to hold parades?

    2. You're using a different definition of "targeted" than Volokh.  Either is correct, but his -- dealing with who communication is specifically addressed to -- seems more relevant.

    3. Your apparent definition of "impose", while not exactly wrong, is so broad as to be scary.  Speaking near a person imposes that speech upon them.  This reminds me more of arguments from our favorite "social liberal" than it does of real liberalism.

    4. Would you feel the same if this policy covered offensive political speech rather than sex speech?

    5. Have you considered that the policy does not cover merely "boorish" speech, but also useful speech that is sex-related?  Or am I mistaken in that assertion?

    6. I'd like to plug the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, a nonpartisan organization I admire very much.


    I'l address point 4 (none / 0) (#11)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 10:29:43 PM EST
    because I find that points 1 through 3 fall into hypertechnical analysis that misses the point. How about some common sense?

    I would feel differently about it because political speech is not gender or racial harassment.

    It may become harassment, as a general matter, but you seem to argue that there should not be a distinction between these types of harassment. PErhaps that is Volokh's point. I dso not share that view. Neither does the law.

    Point 5 is an absurd interpretation that defies common sense and seems disingenuous to me.

    Pont 6, I take your word for it.

    Parent

    This is a weird appeal to moral authority (none / 0) (#13)
    by jerry on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 10:51:47 PM EST
    Oy is right. What kind of rude offensive boorishness does Volokh want to countenance here? Is he saying a rule that says don't tell dirty jokes or dirty stories in PUBLIC SPACES in a university is too much to ask? For crissakes, go somewhere with a little privacy to brag about your conquests or tell your stupid dirty jokes.

    You don't really seem to have an argument against Volokh here except to make an argument along the lines of "if you tell the truth you will have nothing to worry about."

    You can say "for chrissakes, go somewhere else...." but we are only human, and the question is if rude behavior should really be "criminalized" to the degree it often is with sexual harassment laws.

    In this case, I think I will side with Wendy Kaminer and Nadine Strossen both of the ACLU who think that boorish behavior is boorish, but shouldn't be "criminalized."

    I am tired, and not a lawyer, and my youngest one may have broken a thumb today, so I will instead just direct you to thefire.org and to Kaminer's blog: http://thephoenix.com/TheFreeForAll/

    Is the word criminalizing (none / 0) (#20)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Sat Aug 11, 2007 at 12:22:54 PM EST
    losing all meaning?

    Apparently so.

    Parent

    For us non-lawyers, criminalizing is making a law (none / 0) (#25)
    by jerry on Sun Aug 12, 2007 at 07:03:10 AM EST
    against an activity, regardless of whether it is a civil or criminal law.

    criminalizing for most of us non-lawyer law abiding citizens is making a law that could have us lose our jobs for previously "legal" though possibly boorish behavior.

    criminalizing for us does not mean criminal charges in criminal court with prison time.

    it means losing our jobs for any reason with judge/jury/executioner being our employers and with no way to appeal short of spending thousands of dollars we don't have in a civil court.

    ymmv.

    Parent

    It seems to me (none / 0) (#15)
    by Alien Abductee on Fri Aug 10, 2007 at 11:16:29 PM EST
    Volokh's and his commenters' objections are more about how distorting it becomes when such individual behavior has to be codified for purposes of policy than about the policy itself. It's this necessity to parse the essentially unparsable of human relations that makes the liberal impulse to control and protect such a cliched laughingstock of overreach among people who might otherwise support socially and economically liberal positions. Admittedly I'm an extreme advocate of free speech - but the examples referenced make me cringe because they don't differentiate between random situations and ones that are power-based, and in fact the policy as stated in the posting plays on conflating them. Because of that it does seem overly broad to me.

    Guidelines have value in raising awareness, in letting people know what's socially acceptable and what's not. They can help attitudes evolve to a level of maturity where they're no longer even needed, and that should be the goal.

    Needless to say, if power relationships - prof and student, employer and employee, etc. - are involved however that's something completely different, and for that I would support the clearest of guidelines and strong institutional intervention.

    How about common sense (none / 0) (#19)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Sat Aug 11, 2007 at 12:22:02 PM EST
    rather than parsing?

    Parent
    Common sense is good (none / 0) (#21)
    by Alien Abductee on Sat Aug 11, 2007 at 12:59:50 PM EST
    but not exactly common, meaning common to all. The point is that what is obvious or common sense to one person is not to another, thus the need for formulating guidelines which someone of a more libertarian bent can only see as intrusively paternalistic and authoritarian in a sphere where they feel they are guaranteed autonomy.

    It's a matter of both being able to recognize that you're invading someone else's space and having enough empathy to want to resist doing so. The lack of empathy - the willingness to take another's point of view - is a casualty of the hypercompetitiveness of American culture, and as such is the source of a multitude of other problems beyond this one, imo.

    Parent

    Well (none / 0) (#22)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Sat Aug 11, 2007 at 01:20:39 PM EST
    It takes a special lack of common sense to write what Volokh wrote.

    Parent
    He's trying to defend (none / 0) (#23)
    by Alien Abductee on Sat Aug 11, 2007 at 01:52:47 PM EST
    what he sees as the right of free speech, not a right to harass. Clearly he doesn't see it as limited to behavior targetted at complainants but something more shotgun, and that's the point of disagreement.

    I think maybe as a conservative he tends to see authority as opposed to something more educational in a policy like this. His commenters though seem to be on a different plane entirely - what a revealing bunch of selfishness and paranoia from them.

    Parent

    Big Tent Democrat, you are wrong (none / 0) (#17)
    by Lucidnebula on Sat Aug 11, 2007 at 11:28:03 AM EST
    I normally like this blog, because TalkLeft does not espouse to the GOP's "tough on crime" rhetoric and is rather objective. However, this post is precisely like GOP's "tough on crime". I mean, how can a blog advocating the abolishment of mandatory minimum and the draconian drug laws, while agreeing with draconian sexual harassment laws?

    I believe any "sex talk", as long as not with malice or bad faith, should not be banned. In this nation we have freedom of speech, and if we can ban speech on sex, we can also prohibit speech on violence, drugs, guns, and ultimately, political speech.

    This is not a law (none / 0) (#18)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Sat Aug 11, 2007 at 12:21:19 PM EST
    This is a university regulation.

    No one goes to jail for violating the regulation. There are no mandatory minimums. A little common sense goes a long way is the message imo.

    IT is about running a university environment. IT seems to be grounded in common sense.

    Parent

    University regulation....... (none / 0) (#24)
    by Lucidnebula on Sat Aug 11, 2007 at 02:06:19 PM EST
    Right, no one is going to jail, but a sexual harassment offense can ruin the career of a talented student. Would you like to see your son being expelled because he asked a girl out but she doesn't like it? We have opposed the drug provision of the Higher Education Act because it ruins someone's education for smoking a joint, and I see inconsistency here when it seems to be okay to enact harsh disciplinary action to kids who have talked inappropriately for a couple times, whether if it's from a law or from a regulation.

    Parent